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The gastrointestinal tract Free Essays

string(84) the first in vitro examination researching the peristaltic reflex in guinea pig ileum. Dynamic The target of the current examination was to inspect the impact of 5-HT4 receptor ligands on the peristaltic reflex in the mouse colon. 5-hydroxytryptamine, a synapse discovered for the most part inside the gastrointestinal tract, has been involved in the compression and unwinding of smooth muscle inside this locale. The activities of 5-HT are interceded by in any event at least one of seven subtype receptors. We will compose a custom article test on The gastrointestinal tract or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now The receptor subtype that will be the focal point of consideration in this examination is the 5-HT4 receptor. Sections of the proximal colon got from MF1 mice, were cannulated at the butt-centric and aboral closures, and made sure about on a level plane in a water jacketed shower containing oxygenated Krebs arrangement. The intraluminal distension pressure was constrained by altering the height of the repository, and the volume shot out to the aboral side was recorded and estimated by means of an a weight transducer and Power Lab framework utilizing Chart v4.1.2 programming for Windows.. All medications were regulated serosally. Total focus reaction bends of 5-HT and tegaserod (agonists) were acquired by including expanding convergences of medications at an interim of 5-15 minutes. The rivals GR113808 and SB204070 were added to the tissues after normal peristalsis was gotten and permitted to equilibrate for 15 minutes, after which either 5-HT or tegaserod were included aggregately. All outcomes are communicated as mean ±SEM from number of creatures showed by n. An ordinary peristalsis was set up before the expansion of 5-HT (normal pace of peristalsis was 77â ±7, n=7. 5-HT encouraged peristalsis at 10-7M and further total expansion of 5-HT caused a moderate decline in peristalsis until at 10-4M, pace of peristalsis was restrained. In all tissues wherein peristalsis was hindered, it recouped once tissue was washed. Within the sight of SB204070 and GR113808, there was no noteworthy change in the pace of peristalsis. The expansion of tegaserod delivered just a moderate lessening in peristalsis until peristalsis was abrogated in all tissues at 10-4M. The peristalsis abrogated by tegaserod couldn't be restored in any tissue by washing. In all tissues, it was conceivable to acquire peristalsis so the impacts of medication testing could be built up. The expansion of the 5-HT4 specific receptor opponents, SB204070 and GR113808, indicated no huge change in the fixation reaction bends. The incomplete 5-HT4 agonist, tegaserod, additionally didn't encourage peristalsis in the present investigation. Both these discoveries propose that the 5-HT4 receptor isn't embroiled in the mouse proximal colon Presentation 1.1 The gastrointestinal tract The stomach related framework is an imperative segment of the human body; the general capacity being to give sustenance to over a trillion cells inside the body. To have the option to do this, the stomach related framework is specific to ingest food, move it through the stomach related tract, digest it, and retain water, electrolytes and different supplements from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract (Seeley et al, 2006). The retained substances are moved to the cells, by means of the circulatory framework, while the undigested substances are wiped out from the butt. The stomach related framework comprises of the fundamental stomach related tract, a cylinder reaching out from the mouth to the rear-end, just as its related segment organs and frill organs, which are basically organs situated outside the stomach related tract that discharge liquids into the stomach related tract (Seeley et al, 2006). The part organs incorporate the oral cavity (mouth), pharynx (throat), throat, stomach, small digestive system, internal organ and rear-end. The embellishment organs incorporate three sets of salivary organs, the exocrine pancreas and the exocrine liver. To empower the homoeostatic condition inside the body to be kept up, it is indispensable that the stomach related framework is working proficiently. The digestive organ, which comprises of the caecum, colon and rectum, has adequate homeostatic capacities, and adds to the general security of the homoeostatic condition inside the body. The colon is the focal piece of the internal organ, and establishes th e last 150cm of the gastrointestinal tract. It is around a 6cm cylinder, which stretches out from the ileum to the butt. Its fundamental capacity is to store fecal material and manage its discharge into the outer condition (Smith et al, 2006). It additionally delivers a thick mucous discharge, which greases up the entry of fecal material during poo. The gastrointestinal tract of a mouse comprises of the throat, stomach, small digestive system and internal organ. The mouse colon is like the human colon, comprising of the rising, transverse and plummeting parts yet deficient with regards to the sigmoid part (Cook, 1965). http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/G/GITract.html The fundamental physiological procedures of the stomach related framework are assimilation, retention, motility, discharge, and discharge. Assimilation includes the breakdown of bigger atoms to littler ones (for example glucose and amino acids) to permit effective usage and ingestion of these particles. The ingested material and emissions are moved over the epithelial cell film, mostly inside the small digestive system. Thusly, the moved atoms enter the dissemination; a focal physiological procedure of the stomach related framework. The gastrointestinal tract is around a 15 feet in length cylinder, and food must be moved along it to arrive at the right locales for processing, blending and ingestion (Smith et al, 2001). This procedure, known as peristalsis, is helped by the smooth muscle coating the tract, which contracts and loosens up blending the ingested material, while simultaneously pushing it through the tract. Impetus of the intestinal substance is a urgent piece of processing that relies upon the organized action of roundabout and longitudinal smooth muscles realized by the peristaltic reflex (Shiinaa et al, 2005). The peristaltic reflex is started by either incitement of the gastrointestinal mucosa or by extending of the intestinal divider, bringing about a round compression behind the improvement and a territory of unwinding before it (Shiinaa et al, 2005). This influx of withdrawal moves in the oral-butt-centric bearing, and along these lines moves the substance inside the lumen forward. The reflex is co-ordinated by the intramural nerve plexuses inside the digestive tract thus, can be acquired even in the separated tissues. Numerous examinations researching the components which intervene intestinal motility have prevalently centered around peristalsis. Trendelengburg (1917) did the first in vitro examination exploring the peristaltic reflex in guinea pig ileum. You read The gastrointestinal tract in classification Paper models Within the ileum, the reflex was found to comprise of withdrawals of both the longitudinal and round muscles that were both normal just as facilitated. The expansion in intraluminal pressure, which makes the ileum stretch, is trailed by an expansion in longitudinal muscle compression, and along these lines, by an expansion in round muscle withdrawal, which pushes the substance towards the butt-centric segment (Trendelengburg, 1917). Gastrointestinal disarranges are a typical issue in today’s society, and many lead to long haul ailments and even bleakness, just as negatively affecting human services costs (Crowell et al, 2004) However, because of the intricacy and the contrasting elements of the different organs of the GI tract, the treatment of scatters inside the tract is an unpredictable assignment and has not, starting at yet, been completely comprehended. Maladies of the colon can prompt an entire host of ailments, including loose bowels, clogging, Crohn’s sickness, Inflammatory Bowel infection, Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), and some more. Side effects happening outside of the GI tract, specifically side effects related with ibs, including tension, misery and schizophrenia, have been identified with the dreariness of such issue. It has been recommended by examine, that changed degrees of the synapse, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), may prompt both intestinal and extra intestinal side effects in IBS, just as being ensnared in other practical gut ailments It is thusly significant that further examinations are conveyed researching the connection between 5-hydroxytryptamine and clutters of the gastrointestinal tract, and to additionally comprehend the pathogenesis of these scatters, with the goal that new, progressively successful medications can be figured. 1.25-hydroxytryptamine 5-hydroxytryptamine, additionally more normally alluded to as serotonin, is a monoamine synapse, and is prevalently blended, put away and discharged in the enterchromaffin cells of the intestinal mucosa (Costedio et al, 2007). As per Gershon et al (1965), 5-HT is integrated through the activity of two tryptophan hydroxylases, TpH1 and TpH2, which are found inside the enterochromaffin cells and neurons. Around 95% of all mammalian 5-hydroxytryptamine is found inside the gastrointestinal tract (Sanger, G.J, 2008) 5-HT starts the peristaltic and secretory reflex, and transmits data to the focal sensory system, by enacting both the characteristic and extraneous essential afferent neurones (Sikandar et al 2009). It can likewise tweak a wide scope of organic procedures, for example, temperament, comprehension, discernment, taking care of conduct, smooth muscle contractility, and platelet total (Setola et al, 2003). Inside the guinea pig ileum, 5-HT has been found to cause both help and hindrance of peristalsis (Tuladhar et al), and has been found to encourage peristalsis, when included serosally in the marmoset ileum (Tuladhar et al, 1996). The activities of 5-HT, especially withdrawal or unwinding respo

The Joy of Solitude (and Why Its Great to Be Alone at Times)

The Joy of Solitude (and Why It’s Great to Be Alone at Times) What happens wh?n you f??l ?v?r?tr?t?h?d? When it ???m? lik? th? world i? weighing d?wn ?n ??u, ?r ??u ?r? just tir?d ?f th? d??’? fr?nz??You t?k? a m?m?nt t? yourself, wh?r? it’? ju?t ??u ?nd ??ur th?ught?.This m?m?nt h?l?? ??u to t?k? ??ur mind off th? ?r???ur?? ?f the d?? ?nd just relax.In thi? moment, you ?r? ?nj??ing what is called ??litud?.In ?ur world t?d??, w? live in a f??t ????d ?nvir?nm?nt wh?r? thing? ?r? d?n? ?ui?kly, m??tl? with the ?id of t??hn?l?g? though, and you are expected to deliver outstanding results in a very short time.W? ?ll need a littl? alone tim? to unwind ?nd restore our mind ?nd b?d?, w? n??d solitude.Solitude i? d?fin?d ?? th? ?t?t? ?r ?u?lit? ?f b?ing alone fr?m ?th?r?.It involves taking time f?r ??ur??lf, ?nd ?nj??ing th? ????? ?f being in your own ??m??n? wh?r? you g?t t? think deep ?nd ?r??tiv?l?.When ??u f??l stressed ?ut ?r ?v?r l??d?d, ?ith?r fr?m w?rk ?r ?th?r ??tiviti?? of the day, w? t?nd t? ?v?rr???t t? the ?light??t provocation.For inst ance, when you are having a b?d day or f??ling ?v?rwh?lm?d with work. Think of h?w ??u will react t? th? ?light??t ?r?v???ti?n. Y?u would m??t likely r???t irr?ti?n?ll? b???u?? you feel ?git?t?d and h?v? n?t h?d any tim? to yourself.Some ???u??ti?n? require ??litud?.J?b? where ??u h?v? to think ?r??tiv?l? r??uir? ??litud? for ??u to be ?r?du?tiv?.Writ?r? m??t often writ? in ??litud? b???u?? it is in ??litud? that im?gin?ti?ns are ?t it? ???k. Ev?n writing thi? ?rti?l? h?d me seeking ??litud? t? ?ll?w m? ?r??tivit? fl?w.Music ??m????r?, ?dit?r?, analysts, ?r?gr?mm?r? and a l?t ?f ?th?r ??r??r? d?m?nd th?t ??u live a lif? of ??litud?. Solitude ?ll?w? u? t? refresh ?ur mind? ?nd g?t in t?u?h with ourselves.If you ?r? ?n introvert, you ?lr??d? kn?w th? f??ling of solitude but ??u ?r?b?bl? didn’t kn?w its b?n?fit?.Irr?????tiv? of ??ur nature, introvert ?r ?xtr?v?rt, everyone n??d? that ?l?n? tim? and can b?n?fit fr?m ??litud?.DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOLITUDE AND LONELINESS A l?t ?f ????l? t ?nd t? ??nfu?? solitude with l?n?lin???. They may seem similar, ?in?? b?th ?r? characterized by b?ing ?l?n?, but th?? diff?r in h?w th?? refer t? the j?? or pain ?f b?ing ?l?n?.L?n?lin??? ??n be d?fin?d ?? a ??m?l?x ?nd un?l????nt emotional response t? i??l?ti?n or l??k ?f ??m??ni?n?hi?.Here, un?l????nt is th? key w?rd.Solitude on the other hand is the same, except that this time, it’s the opposite of “painful”. You get relief in solitude.H?nn?h Arendt clearly ?x?l?in? th? diff?r?n?? between solitude ?nd l?n?lin??? in her b??k, Th? Origins ?f T?t?lit?ri?ni?m. She ????:“The lonely m?n find? himself ?urr?und?d b? others with wh?m h? cannot ??t?bli?h ??nt??t or t? wh??? h??tilit? he is exposed. Th? ??lit?r? man, on th? ??ntr?r?, i? ?l?n? ?nd th?r?f?r? can be t?g?th?r with him??lf. In ??litud?, ?n th? ??ntr?r?, I am by myself, together with m???lf, and therefore tw?-in-?n?, wh?r??? in l?n?lin??? I ?m ??tu?ll? ?n?, deserted b? all others. All thinking, ?tri?tl? ????king, i? done in ??litud? ?nd i? a di?l?gu? ?f th?ught.”I. Solitude Is Adventurous, Loneliness Is NotBeing alone t?k?? ??u on an ?dv?ntur? in ??ur mind. Y?u therefore ?h???? how ??u respond t? it b? ??ur ?ttitud?.In K?ith Harrrell’s b??k, Attitud? i? Ev?r?thing, h? states th?t even though your attitude i? ??ur “m??t priceless ???????i?n”, ??u have t? d?v?l?? it b? t?king r????n?ibilit? ?nd “m?nit?ring your int?rn?l di?l?gu? to stay ???itiv? even in the m??t ?h?ll?nging tim??”.That’s it!Th? thin lin? that diff?r?nti?t?? ??litud? and l?n?lin??? i? ??ur attitude.Th? w?? you reason ?nd react t? ??ur ?nvir?nm?nt.L?t m? ??int a ???n?ri?: I am alone in my house, my r??mm?t? just l?ft t?wn f?r th? w??k?nd with her parents. There’s no ?n? ?r?und ?? I ?t?rt to f??l ??d, wishing I had ??m??n? to t?lk t? ?r w?t?h the l?t??t ??i??d? of Th? H?ndm?id’? Tale with.At thi? ??int, the f??ling of l?n?lin??? creeps in ?nd slowly turn? into d??r???i?n.You ?n th? other h?nd, in this same ?itu?ti?n, ar e not bothered b? ?t??ing ?l?n?.In f??t you ?r? happy with ??ur ??litud? ?nd inv??t in ??ur mind. Y?u l?t ??ur ?r??tivit? pour b? ?ith?r writing, ?inging, coking or ?v?n d???r?ting.In thi? case, ??u h?v? ?h???n to t?k? th? ???itiv? r?ut? ?f being ?l?n?.A? th?? say, if you ??nn?t be h???? in ??ur own ??m??n?, then you ??n’t r??ll? be h???? in the company of others.This only ??int? ?ut to th? fact th?t if ??u ??nn?t ???r??i?t? yourself and enjoy your ?wn company, you ?h?uld n?t ?x???t others t? do ??.II. Loneliness Is Painful And Sad, Solitude Is NotLoneliness is a n?g?tiv? ?nd painful state of b?ing ?l?n?. It giv?? one th? f??ling ?f depression when l?ft ?l?n?.In th?ir minds, th?? have b??n cut ?ff from ????l? so they f??l rejected, unimportant, ?x?lud?d or unnoticed.“L?n?lin??? ?x?r????? the pain ?f being ?l?n? and ??litud? ?x?r????? the gl?r? ?f being alone.”Paul Tilli?hWhen you ?r? l?n?l?, ??u feel isolated from th? w?rld, like th? wh?l? w?rld i? g?ing ?n with?ut ??u.Y?u f?? l th?r?’? ??m?thing mi??ing in ??ur lif?.Y?u have ??m?thing in your mind th?t ??u want to ?h?r? but h?v? no ?n? t? ?h?r? it with so ??u feel like th? w?rld h?? d???rt?d ??u.Th?t’? th? feeling ?f l?n?lin???. It m?k?? u? f??l in??m?l?t?.Y?u ??n b? in th? ?r???n?? ?f ????l? but ?till f??l lonely.W? mu?t h?v? ?x??ri?n??d thi? one w?? or th? other when ??u ?r? with ????l?, ??? a gathering, and ??u don’t seem to ??nn??t w?ll with others, so ??u r???il and watch others mingle ?nd think t? yourself, “they ?r?b?bl? d?n’t w?nt m? h?r? th?t’? wh? I’m b?ing ign?r?d”, ?r “I’m diff?r?nt fr?m th?m ?? th?? ??n’t ?????t m?”.Y?u see wh?t ??u are doing right h?r??Y?u are creating that n?g?tiv? ?n?rg? and feeling ?f l?n?lin???.It may b? a normal thing b???u?? hey, we ?r? hum?n? and w? h?v? feelings, ?nd n??d t? f??l l?v?d ?r ?????t?d, but wh?t if you turn th?t negative feeling int? a positive one wh?r? ??u d?n’t h?v? to f??l depressed fr?m being ?l?n? ?nd in?t??d r?v?l in ??ur ?l?n?n???.III. Loneliness Is Depressing, Solitude Is NotIn ??litud?, w? are happy with ourselves and ??tu?ll? enjoy ju?t b?ing ?l?n?. It allow us t? r?fl??t ?n ourselves, f?mil?, fri?nd?, life, and ?v?n th? futur?.Also in this ?t?t?, ?ur mind? g?in? ?tr?ngth and learns t? lean on itself.However, when lonely, w? f??l unh???? ?nd in??m?l?t?, like there is a v?id th?t should b? filled b? someone ?l??.Oft?n tim??, w? tend t? ?lign b?ing ?ingl? with l?n?lin???, thinking th?t a person is l?n?l? b???u?? h? or she i? single, which i? n?t n??????ril? th? case.A single ??r??n i? ?l?n?, n?t l?n?l?.In f??t, r????r?h ?h?w? that ??m? ?ingl? people are more ??nt?nt, ???i?bl?, self-sufficient ?nd fulfilled th?n ????l? in r?l?ti?n?hi??.S?m? people ?h???? t? r?m?in ?ingl? ?nd ??m? even ?h???? to isolate themselves, hence tagged ‘loners’ by others. Th??? “l?n?r?” m?? ??tu?ll? b? r?v?ling in their ??litud? ?nd m?king m??t of their ?l?n? tim?.Oft?ntim??, l?n?r? are wh? th?? ?r? b???u?? they hav e been l?t d?wn b? ????l? who th?? ?ut their trust in ?v?r ?nd ?v?r again, thus th?? have d??id?d to tru?t ?nl? themselves ?nd liv? in ??litud?.Many people g? int? relationships ju?t because ?f the f??r ?f b?ing alone. They br??k up fr?m a relationship and one week l?t?r, they are in a n?w ?n?.Even in that one w??k ?f b?ing ?ingl?, th?? ?r? so d????r?t? f?r ??m??ni?n?hi? th?t th?? d?n’t l??k b?f?r? th?? leap.Such people ?r?b?bl? d?n’t kn?w th? joys ?f ??litud? and have n?t und?r?t??d the ????n?? ?f being alone.A???rding to ????h?l?gi?t, N??l Burt?n, l?n?lin??? i? the m?nif??t?ti?n ?f th? ??nfli?t between ?ur d??ir? f?r meaning and the ?b??n?? ?f meaning fr?m th? univ?r??.H? also ?t?t?? th?t l?n?lin??? i? ??rt and ??r??l ?f th? human condition ?nd unl??? a person is resolved, it will ?lw??? r??urf???.That i? to ??? that ????l? wh? feel in??m?l?t? wh?n ?l?n? will ?lw??? h?v? that fear ?f l?n?lin??? unl??? th?? change th?ir attitude t?w?rd? ?l?n?n??? ?nd ??nditi?n their mind? t? ?? ?itiv?l? ??kn?wl?dg? ??litud?.IV. Solitude Gives Us A Sense Of Self-Awareness And Feeling Of Rejuvenation, Loneliness Does NotAn?th?r diff?r?n?? b?tw??n solitude ?nd l?n?lin??? i? that whil? solitude giv?? u? a ??n?? ?f ??lf-?w?r?n??? ?nd f??ling of r?juv?n?ti?n, l?n?lin??? f??l? lik? punishment and gives u? a ??n?? of d?fi?i?n?? ?nd in?d??u???.In solitude, w? f??l lik? w? can conquer th? world.It awakens ?ur creativity and gives us fr??h in?ight and und?r?t?nding ?f i??u??.Thi? i? wh? people like to h?v? a quiet m?m?nt to th?m??lv?? before the ru?h of th? day, so that they can reflect and ??? the potentials ?f the d??, ?? t? ???.W? find joy in going within and ??nn??ting t? ?ur mind?, ju?t thinking of th? v?ri?u? ????ibiliti?? th?t lie ?h??d.S?litud? ?x??nd? ??ur horizon as you ?r? ?bl? t? ??? beyond th? ?v?r?g? mind.Writ?r, P?tri?i? Highsmith says, “My im?gin?ti?n functions better wh?n I d?n’t h?v? to speak t? ????l?.”This ?h?w? th?t in solitude, your mind w?rk? at a faster pace th?n wh?n ?urr?und?d b? ????l?.L?n?lin???, ?n the other h?nd, m?k?? ??u f??l lik? th? w?rld i? ?r??hing ?t ??ur f??t. It l??v?? ??u with a sense of dejection, like ??u have b??n cast ?ut from the ???i?t?.Y?u feel lik? ??u ?r? n?t u? t? th? “?t?nd?rd” ?r ??u l??k something th?t will m?k? ??u t? be lik? ?v?r? other ??r??n.S?m?tim?? ??u might even f??l lik? ??ur l?n?lin??? i? a f?rm ?f ?uni?hm?nt for your in?d??u???.But thi? i? ?ll in ??ur h??d really.If ??u begin t? relish ??ur ?l?n? tim? ?nd convert ?ll your n?g?tiv? th?ught? to ???itiv? thinking, ??u will ??? th? im???t of ??litud?. In military settings ?r ?ri??n?, ??lit?r? confinement i? given ?? ?uni?hm?nt.V. Solitude Is A Choice, Loneliness Is NotAn?th?r important f??t?r th?t distinguishes ??litud? fr?m l?n?lin??? i? th? f??t th?t ??litud? is a ?h?i??.I ?h???? to b? in ??litud? b???u?? I want to rejuvenate and grow.Loneliness h?w?v?r, is im????d ?nd weighs a ??r??n d?wn. It d??l?t?? us ?nd m?k?? u? feel lik? a w??t? of ? ???? ?r invisible.S?m?tim??, loneliness ??nn?t ?v?n be resolved b? ??m??n?. When loneliness creeps in, you feel di???nn??t?d n?t ju?t fr?m ????l?, but from ??ur ?wn self. B???u?? ??u did n?t ?h???? t? b? ?l?n?, ??u cannot manage yourself to function ?r???rl?.S? wh?r??? solitude brings j??, l?n?lin??? bring? unhappiness.L?n?lin??? is v?r? damaging. It ??uld l??d to ??lf-l??thing, self-rejection ?nd desolation.Lonely people t?nd t? ??t and drink more, w?rk ?ut ?nd ?l??? l???.According t? research, they are at a higher ri?k of d?v?l??ing ????h?l?gi??l ?r?bl?m? ?u?h ?? ?l??h?li?m, depression, and ????h??i?, ?nd physical ailments ?u?h as inf??ti?ns, ??n??r, ?nd ??rdi?v???ul?r di?????.THE BATTLE AGAINST BEING IN SOLITUDEF?r m?n? ?f u?, th? idea ?f being ?l?n? conjures u? a sense of dread.M??b? it’? th? ??n?? ?f b?r?d?m, or th? f??ling? ?f isolation, ?r being f?r??d to confront ?ur ?wn th?ught?.In fact, a recent study in th? j?urn?l Science ?h?w?d that people w?uld rather giv? themselves ?l??tri? shocks than b? alone with their th?ught? f?r ju?t 15 minut??.But turn? ?ut, there’s a difference b?tw??n b?ing alone and feeling lonely.Ev?n th?ugh w? may use th? ?hr???? int?r?h?ng??bl? in ??nv?r??ti?n, ????h?th?r??i?t ?nd HuffP??t blogger R??? R???nb?rg, wh? also ?uth?r?d The Hum?n Magnet S?ndr?m?: Why We L?v? People Wh? Hurt U?, explains th?t th??’r? ??tu?ll? tw? distinct ??n???t?.Th? m?in distinguisher: B?ing ?l?n? is a physical description (meaning when we ?r? alone, w? ?r? ju?t not with ????l?), while l?n?lin??? is a f??ling th?t often i? ?x??ri?n??d as n?g?tiv? ?nd ??inful ?nd u?u?ll? ??m?? fr?m within. “Y?u can b? ?l?n? and h????, you ??n be alone and l?n?l?,” R???nb?rg explains. “The id?? ?f b?ing alone i? wh?t you make ?f it.”M?n? people wh? ?truggl? with f??ling? of l?n?lin??? ??n link th?ir struggles t? deeper r??t?.A???rding t? R???nb?rg, l?n?lin??? i? a f??ling fu?ll?d b? tr?um?, l??? ?nd gri?f, a l??k of ??lf-??t??m, ?nd in???urit?.Those wh? l??d h??lth?, balanced lives are better ??ui???d to face th??? n?g?tiv? ?x??ri?n??? because they have b?th internal ?nd ?xt?rn?l r???ur??? th?t help guid? th?m thr?ugh th? process â€" fr?m a sense ?f ??mmunit? t? a ?tr?ng ?nd positive ??lf-??n???t.“Loneliness is a normal ??rt ?f th? hum?n ?xi?t?n??,” Rosenberg ????. “W? ?ll feel l?n?l?, but ?hr?ni?, ??th?l?gi??l l?n?lin??? is a deeply embedded pattern th?t i? self-reinforcing. It’s a self-fulfilling prophecy. H??lth?, r??ili?nt ????l? respond t? normal l?n?lin??? b? r???lving it. Unh??lth? people b???m? overwhelmed by it.”P?r??n?lit? t??? i? ?l?? a big f??t?r wh?n it ??m?? t? wh? ?x??ri?n??? di???mf?rt fr?m b?ing ?l?n?.Intr?v?rt? â€" wh? l??? ?n?rg? from b?ing ?r?und ?th?r? â€" may find ?l?n? tim? more d??ir?bl? than ?xtr?v?rt?, wh? instead g?in ?n?rg? from the ??m??n? ?f ?th?r?.“If ??u’r? ?n extrovert, ??u ?r? ??mf?rt?bl? ?nd feel compelled to b? around other ????l?. It is just the w?? you are g?n?ti??ll? ??t up. If ??u†™r? an ?xtr?v?rt and you’re not ?r?und ????l?, ??u f??l un??mf?rt?bl? and if ??u’r? psychologically healthy, ??u use internal ?nd external resources t? b? ?r?und people,” R???nb?rg ?x?l?in?.“If ??u’r? ?n intr?v?rt ?nd ??u lik? being ?l?n?, th?t’? ?l?? ??m?l?t?l? ????h?l?gi??ll? healthy. You ??n be very ???ur? ?nd ??lf-??nfid?nt ?nd ?till b? very n?rv?u? ?r?und crowds of ????l?, but ??u h?v? fri?nd? ?nd l?v?d ones, ?nd th??? ?r? th? resources that make ?n introvert f??l just fin? wh?n th??’r? alone.”At th? end of the d??, wh?th?r ??u’r? an intr?v?rt or ?n extrovert, ?ll hum?n? ?x??ri?n?? f??ling? ?f loneliness.M?n? d? ?? during th? times th?? are physically ?l?n?, notwithstanding, it doesn’t h?v? t? b? that w??.WHY DO WE NEED SOLITUDE ONCE IN A WHILE? 1. Solitude Increases ProductivityPeople w?rk b?tt?r in th?ir ?l?n? tim?. Wh?n w? are alone, w? can ??n??ntr?t? more ?nd think.Basically, if ??u h?v? ??m??n? t?lling you a ?t?r? whil? you ?r? trying t? w?rk, b??i??ll ?, ??u ??nn?t ??? full ?tt?nti?n t? ??ur work.At b??t ??u’d multit??k.Alth?ugh ?? m?n? offices h?v? started ?r??ting open fl??r ?l?n? so ?v?r??n? can ??mmuni??t? m?r? ???il?, ?tudi?? ?h?w being ?urr?und?d by ????l? kill? ?r?du?tivit?.People ??rf?rm b?tt?r wh?n th?? h?v? a littl? ?riv???.2. Creativity And Efficiency Need Solitude To ThriveS?litud? gives us ??rmi??i?n t? ?ui?t ?ur mind and ?r??t? ????? for fresh in?ight? t? blossom. W?n??d ??litud? t? ??lv? ?r?bl?m?, find answers, ?nd l?t new discoveries emerge.Cr??tiv? in?ight? m?? ??m? slowly ?r ?? a sudden burst, but ?ui?t contemplation i? wh?t br??d? curiosity.Wh?n we ?r? ?l?n? w? ??n discover wh?t makes u? f??l alive; we engage in ??tiviti?? that bring u? j??, ?nd we ??n imm?r?? ?ur??lv?? in th??? activities with?ut distraction.Fr??d?m fr?m di?tr??ti?n clears the mind and ?ll?w? th? br?in a chance to r???t ?nd re-focus.Even the boredom which ?ft?n ??m?? with ??litud? contributes to th? ?r??tiv? ?r?????. If we do not h?v? ?m?t? time, there i? n? ????? f?r in??ir?ti?n t? ??m? thr?ugh.A? mu?h as we tr? to ?v?id boredom, ?itting with it has a purpose, ?? author Ch?r?l Strayed states, “Th? u??l??? d??? will ?dd u? to ??m?thing….th??? thing? ?r? ??u’r? b???ming.”We ?r? ?nl? b?red wh?n we do n?t kn?w ?ur??lv??, we ?r? w?iting for ??m?thing, ?nd if w? k??? waiting, w? will di???v?r it.T?k? for example the r????r?h ?f R??d L?r??n, professor of hum?n d?v?l??m?nt ?nd family studies ?t th? University of Illin?i? ?t Urb?n?-Ch?m??ign, wh? h?? studied th? ?ff??t? solitude h?? ?n the development ?nd l?ng-t?rm well-being ?f t??n? ?nd ?d?l????nt?.H? f?und th?t whil? b?ing ?l?n? i? “n?t a particularly happy state” in th? m?m?nt, it n?n?th?l??? h?? what Larson ??ll? a “kind ?f a r?b?und ?ff??t. It’? kind ?f lik? a bitt?r m?di?in?,” he ????, ?r??ting m?r? ???itiv? emotions and l??? ??lf-r???rt?d d??r???i?n d?wn the lin?.3. Self-Healing Through MeditationOf course, m?dit?ti?n i? ????ibl? only in a ?ui?t, peac eful ?nvir?nm?nt, ?nd ?u?h an ?nvir?nm?nt ??n b? ??hi?v?d ?nl? in solitude.M?dit?ting whil? ??u ?r? in solitude i? lik? ?h??ting many bird? with ?n? stone: you g?in ?ll th? previous b?n?fit?, while you ?r? ?l?? ?bl? to ?x??ri?n?? self-healingâ€"the r??ult? of studies h?v? shown that r?gul?r meditation b???t? th? body’s levels of “?nti-?tr??? h?rm?n??” lik? dopamine, ??r?t?nin, m?l?t?nin, GAB? ?nd DHEA, ?nd thereby enhances th? body’s immunit? t? di?????? ?nd ?????it? t? h??l.4. Alone Time Can Enhance The Quality Of Your Relationships With OthersBy ???nding tim? with yourself and g?ining a better und?r?t?nding ?f who you ?r? ?nd what ??u desire in life, ??u’r? m?r? likely t? make b?tt?r choices about wh? and wh?t ??u want t? b? around.You ?l?? m?? ??m? to ???r??i?t? ??ur r?l?ti?n?hi?? m?r? ?ft?r you’ve ???nt ??m? tim? ?l?n?.5. Better MemoryThe r??ult? of some studies th?t were ??r?full? d??ign?d t? t??t the effects ?f solitude ?n memory r?t?nti?n indi??t? ???itiv? ?nh?n?i ng ?ff??t? on m?m?r?.In H?rv?rd, for example, th? results of a ?tud? ??ndu?t?d b? graduate ?tud?nt B?th?n? Burum, ?t?rt?d with a ?im?l? ?x??rim?nt: Burum placed tw? individuals in a room ?nd h?d th?m spend a few minut?? g?tting to know ???h ?th?r.They th?n sat b??k to b??k, ???h f??ing a ??m?ut?r ??r??n th? ?th?r ??uld n?t see. In some cases they w?r? told th??’d both b? d?ing th? ??m? t??k, in ?th?r cases th?? w?r? t?ld they’d b? doing diff?r?nt things.The ??m?ut?r ??r??n ??r?ll?d thr?ugh a ??t of drawings ?f ??mm?n ?bj??t?, ?u?h ?? a guitar, a clock, and a l?g.A f?w d??? later the ??rti?i??nt? returned ?nd w?r? ??k?d t? recall whi?h dr?wing? th??’d b??n ?h?wn.Burum found th?t the participants who had b??n t?ld th? ??r??n behind them w?? d?ing a diff?r?nt task â€" namely, identifying ??und? rather th?n l??king at ?i?tur?? â€" did a better job ?f remembering th? pictures.In ?th?r w?rd?, they f?rm?d m?r? ??lid memories wh?n th?? b?li?v?d th?? w?r? th? ?nl? ?n?? d?ing th? t??k.I n ?th?r words, Bethany Burum ?h?w?d th?t when people know th?t th?? ?r? the ?nl? ones doing ??rt?in t??k?, th?? r?m?mb?r thing? b?tt?r th?n those wh? w?r? told th?? were merely du?li??ting th? t??k? ?f others.In f??t, most g?niu??? ?nd r?n?wn?d mu?i??l prodigies, ?rti?t? ?nd writ?r? valued th?ir ??litud? almost t? a f?ultâ€"??litud? allowed th?m t? focus ?nd r?g?rd th?ir ?r?ft ?? ??ri?u?l? as if th?? w?r? the only ?n?? in the w?rld wh? ?r? h?ving ?t it.6. Cultivates Self-LoveWe feel l?n?l? when w? ?r? not und?r?t??d b? others, but when w? und?r?t?nd ourselves, w? d?n’t ?x???t ?r n??d ?v?r??n? to und?r?t?nd u?.W? ?r? firm in ?ur??lv??, r??lizing th?t w? are ?n?ugh. The n??d f?r approval fr?m ?th?r? f?ll? ?w?? ?? we find m?r? ???ur?n?? in ourselves.F??ling the l??k ?f positive feedback from ?th?r? can b? diffi?ult ?t fir?t, but unl??? w? ??mmit t? l?ving ?ur??lv?? with?ut ???ur?n?? fr?m ?ut?id?, w? will ?lw??? b? d???nd?nt ?n ???r?v?l from ?th?r? t? feel w?rth? ?r l?v?bl?.Solitude i ? a w?? to ??mmit t? loving our ??lf m?r?; w? take th? tim? we need t? be ?bl? t? engage in our lif? from a d????r, more meaningful ?l???.7. Giving Your Mind What It Needs On DemandTim? ?l?n? allows u? to ?rd?r our priorities ????rding t? wh?t we n??d, r?th?r th?n th? n??d? ?f ?th?r? five billion ????l? out there.“The ??r?digm experience of ??litud? i? a state ?h?r??t?riz?d b? di??ng?g?m?nt fr?m th? immediate d?m?nd? ?f other ????l?â€"? state ?f reduced ???i?l inhibiti?n ?nd increased fr??d?m t? ??l??t ?n?’? m?nt?l and physical ??tiviti??,” writ? r????r?h?r? Chri?t??h?r L?ng and James Averill.In ?th?r words, when ??u’r? ?bl? t? di??ng?g? from the demands of ?th?r ????l?, you’ve suddenly freed up th? m?nt?l ????? to f??u? ?n longer-term, bigger-picture ?r?j??t? that ??u need for ??ur??lf ?nd not f?r th? ?th?r 5 billi?n people ?ut th?r?.8. Reduced StressM?d?rn life ??n b? so utt?rl? ?tr???fulâ€"?v?r?wh?r? ??u turn, ??m??n?’? h?nking hi? ??r, ??r??ming, singing, playing hi? digit?l music ?l???r ?t full v?lum?, even the sidewalk shops ??m??t? with ?n? another to g?t ????l?’? attention thr?ugh ?i??d ?ut mu?i?.N?t to m?nti?n th? various urb?n noises th?t ????ult our ??n??? everydayâ€"the dr?n? ?f vehicle’s engines, th? bl?r? ?f a multitud? of m??hin?? that ?urr?und us.Of th? b?n?fit? of ??litud?, th? most important is its ??w?r t? ?limin?t? ?tr??? b? r?m?ving the stressors.Taking time t? b? ?l?n? for a few m?m?nt?â€"m??b? in th? middl? ?f th? ??rk on a ?unn? d??â€"??n imm?n??l? help in h?l?ing you r?g?in ??ur m?nt?l ??ntr?.9. Supports Healthy RelationshipsOur most significant r?l?ti?n?hi? i? ?ur relationship with our ??lf.If w? ?r? happy ?nd ?t peace with ?ur ??lf, then we ??n ?ultiv?t? h??lth? r?l?ti?n?hi?? with others. If w? ?r? n?t ??nt?nt with ?ur self, w? will n?v?r find ??ti?f??ti?n from those ?r?und us.On?? w? b???m? grounded in ?ur ?wn b?ing w? can reach gr??t?r depths with ?th?r?; r?l?ting t? others b???u?? w? w?nt t?, n?t because we n??d ?? ?r?v?l ?r security.Wh?n we ?r? full in ourselves, w? don’t seek ??m??n? t? fill th? ?m?tin???.L??king t? others t? m??t our needs leads t? ??-d???nd?n??, but ?th?r? are n?t r????n?ibl? f?r ?ur w?ll-b?ing. Solitude h?l?? us learn t? b? m?r? ????unt?bl? f?r ourselves, t? no b? hurt when others d?n’t ?r?vid? th? attention that w? desire.When ??m?thing from outside f??l? lik? it’s n?t w?rking, we l??rn t? ?hift ?ur ?tt?nti?n in?id? and ??kn?wl?dg? wh?t in?id? of us i? n?t w?rking.B?ing comfortable in ??litud? ?h?w u? th?t we can connect t? ?ur??lv??, and thi? makes u? b?tt?r ?bl? t? connect with ?th?r?.In ??litud?, w? ?l?w d?wn our m?nt?l and ?m?ti?n?l processes; ?ur ?bilit? t? feel ?m??th? and our willingness to f??? ?h?ll?ng?? in r?l?ti?n?hi?? in?r?????.A? we t?k? time out t? tr?n?f?rm ?ur??lv??, w? ??n better commit t? h?l?ing tr?n?f?rm one ?n?th?r.We l??rn that relationships are n?t ?b?ut ???nding as much tim? together as possible, but b?ing m?r? ?r???nt in th? tim? ??u ?r? wi th ?th?r?.F?rming a ??lid b?nd with our ??lf shouldn’t t?k? ?w?? fr?m ?th?r relationships, rather, it a makes u? m?r? ?uth?nti? in our int?r??ti?n? â€" ?ll?wing ???h ??r??n to be present with th? ?th?r whil? b?ing responsible f?r th?m??lv??.Wh?n tw? ??m?l?t? ????l? interact, they take responsibility f?r themselves and ?wn wh?t i? g?ing ?n in?id? th?m, ???ing t?n?i?n and bl?m? th?t often occurs in relationships.B? spending tim? ?l?n?, w? ?l?? g?in a greater appreciation ?f th? m?m?nt? w? d? spend with ?th?r?. We are ???i?l creatures; there needs t? be a b?l?n?? between ??litud? ?nd int?r??ti?n? with people.Wh?n we have this b?l?n??, w? can f??l m?r? gr?titud? f?r th? r?l?ti?n?hi?? w? h?v? ?nd r???iv? m?r? n?uri?hm?nt fr?m ?ur int?r??ti?n? with ?th?r?.“W? n??d ???i?t?, ?nd we n??d solitude ?l??, ?? w? n??d ?umm?r ?nd winter, d?? ?nd night, ?x?r?i?? and rest.”Phili? Gilbert H?m?rt?nHOW TO GET SOME SOLITUDENow th?t w? kn?w how b?n?fi?i?l solitude is, h?w d? w? get some ??litud??A. Silence Isn’t That Bad, Begin To Appreciate ItIts ?? simple ?? turning ?ff th? ?ut?id? n?i??, n?m?l? ?l??tr?ni??.T?d??? digit?l w?rld m??n? we have th? ????rtunit? to b? ??n?t?ntl? surrounded by n?i??, M?rin ??id. Our electronics help u? stay ??n?t?ntl? connected, and it often t?k?? ?xtr? effort t? find a few quiet minutes ???h d??.On?? ??ur? ??mf?rt?bl? in a ??m?l?t?l? silent environment, ??u ??n b?gin u?ing it t? ??ur ?dv?nt?g?.B. Be Alone With Your Thoughts A Couple Of Times A DayF?r m?n? ????l?, ?l?wing d?wn seems lik? a waste of time, she ??id. But ?ur brains need a chance t? ?r????? whats g?ing ?n around u?.All it t?k?? i? finding 10 minut?? ???h day to ?ll?w your br?in t? r?l?x ?nd ?r????? th? d??, M?rin ??id. With tim?, you lik?l? wont f??l that youre b?ing unproductive.C. Make An Appointment With YourselfWh? n?t use ??ur ?l?n? tim? t? d? ??m?thing ??u l?v?? Tim? ?l?n? d???nt have t? be l?n?l?, she ??id. It ??uld be th? key t? g?tting t? kn?w ??ur??lf better.M?k? a r???rv ?ti?n f?r ?n? at ??ur f?v?urit? restaurant, ?r go ?n a hike. Ju?t b? ?ur? t? ?il?n?? ??ur ?h?n? ?nd treat yourself with the ??m? r?????t ??ud giv? ??m??n? else, ?h? ??id.D. Meditate As Often As PossibleMeditation benefits ??ur body ?nd ??ur mind, M?rin said. Learning to meditate int?n??l? ??n take tim?, but ?h? ?ff?r? a simple, thr??-?t?? b?ginn?r? guid? in h?r b??k:Sit in a relaxed ?nd comfortable ???iti?n that ?ll?w? you t? k??? your ??in? ?tr?ight.F??u? ?n taking d???, ?l?w breaths, ?nd really feel your br??th as you inhale ?nd ?xh?l?.Return ??n??i?u?n??? to ??ur breath because ??ur mind will wander ?nd thoughts will ?nt?r your mind.E. Practice Mindfulness Skills To Focus On One Task At A TimeTh? m?r? ??u practice, the m?r? ??ull b???m? full? ?w?r?, ?nd fully ?w?k?, throughout ?ll your d?il? activities, M?rin writ??. It t?k?? practice to f??u? ?n activities as simple ?? eating ?r brushing your t??th.But w? n??d t? take a ?t?? b??k and refocus ?ur ?tt?nti?n ???n?. Ev?ntu?ll?, ??u can l??rn t? tr?in your mind to stop r??l??ing wh?t you did ???t?rd?? ?r w?rr?ing ?b?ut what you n??d to g?t done t?m?rr?w, she ??id.F. Start A Journal To Sort Out Your EmotionsA d?il? j?urn?l ??n h?l? you int?r?r?t your ?m?ti?n? ?nd id?ntif? ?nd manage ??ur ?tr???, M?rin ??id. Basically, it? a ?h?n?? t? v?nt on ????r, rather th?n to a f?mil? m?mb?r or fri?nd.Ju?t a f?w sentences ???h d?? about what ??u did ?r h?w youre f??ling ??n h?l? ??u ?t?? ?n tr??k, and it ?ft?n promotes h??ling, ???rk? creativity, and ?tr?ngth?n? your r???lv? to reach ??ur g??l?, ?h? ??id.G. Reflect On Your Progress And Goals DailyLong-term goals r??uir? ??u t? h?v? h??lth? habits th?t you ?r??ti?? ?n a d?il? basis, Morin ??id.And r?fl??ting ?n your g??l? every d?? can h?l? remind ??u ?f wh? you w?nt t? r???h th?m.INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES ABOUT SOLITUDE THAT WILL INSPIRE YOU TO FIND AND SPEND TIME ALONE TODAY“I think that I cannot preserve m? h??lth ?nd spirits, unl??? I ???nd f?ur hours a d?? ?t least â€" and it i? commonly m?r? th?n that â€" sauntering through th? woods and ?v?r th? hill? ?nd fi?ld?, ?b??lut?l? fr?? fr?m all w?rldl? ?ng?g?m?nt?.” â€" H?nr? David Thoreau“W? live in a v?r? tense ???i?t?. W? ?r? ?ull?d apart… ?nd w? all need t? l??rn h?w t? ?ull ?ur??lv?? together…. I think that ?t least ??rt ?f the ?n?w?r lies in ??litud?.” â€" Helen H????“It i? only when we ?il?nt th? bl?ring ??und? of our d?il? ?xi?t?n?? th?t we ??n fin?ll? h??r th? whi???r? of truth th?t life r?v??l? t? u?, as it ?t?nd? kn??king ?n th? d??r?t??? ?f ?ur h??rt?.” â€" K.T. J?ng“Onl? in quiet w?t?r? d? thing mirr?r themselves undi?t?rt?d. Onl? in a quiet mind i? ?d??u?t? perception ?f th? world” â€" H?n? M?rg?liu?“When w? ??nn?t b??r t? be alone, it m??n? w? d? not ?r???rl? v?lu? th? only ??m??ni?n we will h?v? fr?m birth t? death â€" ?ur??lv??.” â€" Ed? L?Sh?n“I’m n?t anti-social. I’m pro-solitude.” â€" Auth?r Unkn?wn“Th? h???i??t ?f all lives is a bu?? ??litud?.” â€" Vol taire“True ?il?n?? i? th? r??t ?f th? mind, and i? to th? spirit what ?l??? i? to th? b?d?, n?uri?hm?nt ?nd r?fr??hm?nt.” â€" Willi?m P?nn“R??ding w?ll is ?n? ?f th? gr??t ?l???ur?? th?t ??litud? ??n afford ??u.” â€" H?r?ld BloomCONCLUSIVELYTh?r? is a reason intr?v?rt’? ?x??ri?n?? a d??? ??n?? ?f satisfaction, ?v?n j??, in solitary ?ur?uit?, ?nd it i? n?t because th?r? i? ??m?thing wr?ng with them.It i? b???u?? they ?r?, b? n?tur?, d??ign?d to g?n?r?t? life energy in this m?nn?r.

Role of Engineering Council Free Essay Example, 1750 words

It is evidently clear from the discussion that engineering council is the U. K government s body that enables the engineering professionals to enroll themselves in order to be identified as a professionally qualified engineer. Engineers must register themselves with this council based on their field of study. This enables the recruiting bodies, the government and the other private limited companies to have a clear look on the certified professionals. A person registered in this council is said to have possessed a qualifying degree with relevant experience in the particular field. This eases the process of recruitment and guides them during employment, as the need for a background check regarding their qualification is eradicated. There are several categories of Incorporated Engineers, Technicians from the computer, mechanical and technical branches, chartered engineers and technicians who have completed a primary diploma. An engineer must be professionally qualified and must submit all his certificates while registering in the council. Though there are numerous advantages in registering in the Engineering Council, the process of registration is a tedious one. Even to register in the engineering council there are certain eligibility criteria which the professionals must follow to become a member of this council. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Engineering Council or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 1087 Words

Grass, not from your lawn Grass, hemp, wacky tabaccy, ganja, and many other names are what you might have heard as slang for marijuana. It is a cannabis plant that is most commonly used when the leaves are shredded and then hand rolled into cigarettes to be smoke. Many people see marijuana as a gateway drug, leading to other more hardcore drugs. Which is why it has been made illegal by the United States Federal Government in all 50 states. But some states have decided the federal government does not know what the people of their state do or do not need, so they have legalized marijuana for either just medical or recreational as well. This action by some states has lead to people wondering; does allowing a state to take action that opposes or violates federal law undermine the government’s authority? In order to reach an answer for this question we will need to look at both sides of the subject, the federal government and the states’. 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In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1145 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Marijuana is a drug that has been actively used for centuries. This drug can be traced back to 2737 BC by the Chinese emperor Shen Nung. He spoke about the euphoric effects of Cannabis and even referred to it as the â€Å"Liberator of Sin.† Since early on, marijuana was seen as a medicinal plant that was recommended for medical uses. Marijuana is currently in schedule I, which means that physicians are not allowed to prescribe it in the United States (Hart, Ksir 2013). This drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the m edical side of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this would

Maths Free Essays

GCSE Mathematics Specimen Papers and Mark Schemes For first teaching from September 2010 For first examination in Summer 2011 For first award in Summer 2012 Subject Code: 2210 Foreword The awarding bodies have prepared new specifications to comply with revised GCSE criteria. The specimen examination papers accompanying new specifications are provided to give centres guidance on the structure and character of the planned examinations in advance of the first examination. It is intended that the specimen papers and mark schemes contained in this booklet will help teachers and students to understand, as fully as possible, the markers’ expectations of candidates’ responses to the types of questions set at GCSE level. We will write a custom essay sample on Maths or any similar topic only for you Order Now These specimen papers and mark schemes should be used in conjunction with CCEA’s GCSE Mathematics specification. GCSE Mathematics Specimen Papers and Mark Schemes Contents Specimen Papers Unit T1 Mathematics (Foundation Tier) Unit T2 Mathematics (Foundation Tier) Unit T3 Mathematics (Higher Tier) Unit T4 Mathematics (Higher Tier) Unit T5 Mathematics (Foundation Tier) Paper 1 Unit T5 Mathematics (Foundation Tier) Paper 2 Unit T6 Mathematics (Higher Tier) Paper 1 Unit T6 Mathematics (Higher Tier) Paper 2 1 3 23 43 63 83 93 107 121 Mark Schemes General Marking Instructions Unit T1 Mathematics (Foundation Tier) Unit T2 Mathematics (Foundation Tier) Unit T3 Mathematics (Higher Tier) Unit T4 Mathematics (Higher Tier) Unit T5 Mathematics (Foundation Tier) Paper 1 Unit T5 Mathematics (Foundation Tier) Paper 2 Unit T6 Mathematics (Higher Tier) Paper 1 Unit T6 Mathematics (Higher Tier) Paper 2 133 135 137 143 149 157 163 167 171 175 Subject Code QAN 2210 500/7925/6 A CCEA Publication  © 2010 You may download further copies of this publication from www. ccea. org. uk SPECIMEN PAPERS DIVIDER PAPER FRONT 1 SPECIMEN PAPERS DIVIDER PAPER BACK 2 Centre Number 71 Candidate Number General Certificate of Secondary Education 2011 Mathematics For Examiner’s use only Question Marks Number Unit T1 (With calculator) Foundation Tier [CODE] SPECIMEN EXAMINATION PAPER TIME 1 hour 30 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number in the spaces provided at the top of this page. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper. Answer all twenty five questions. Any working should be clearly shown in the spaces provided since marks may be awarded for partially correct solutions. You may use a calculator for this paper. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 100. Figures in brackets printed down the right-hand side of pages indicate the marks awarded to each question or part question. Functional elements will be assessed in this paper. Quality of written communication will be assessed in questions 6 and 23. You should have a calculator, ruler, compasses and a protractor. The formula sheet is overleaf. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Total Marks 3 Foundation Tier Formulae Sheet Area of trapezium = 1 (a + b)h 2 Volume of prism = area of cross section ? length 4 Answer all questions 1 (a) Write 80% as a decimal Answer _____________ [1] Answer ___________ % [1] Answer_____________________ [1] Answer_____________ [1] Answer_____________ [1] (b) Write 0. 35 as a percentage (c) Write 48 million in figures (d) 5729 people attended a football match. Write the number 5729 to (i) the nearest 10 (ii) the nearest 100 2 (a) Find the next 2 terms in the sequence and explain the rule you used: 6, 11, 16, 21, _____, ______ Rule _________________________________________________ [3] (b) Find the next term in the sequence 0. 2, 0. 4, 0. 8, 1. 6, _______ [1] 5 3 The diagram shows a tiled patio in the shape of a rectangle 3 by 16, covered with 48 square tiles. Write down the length and width of 2 other possible rectangles which can be covered with 48 of these square tiles. Answer__________ by__________ __________ by__________ 4 [1] [1] Michael recorded the colours of cars in the school car park in a tally chart. Colour Tally Frequency Red |||| 4 Blue || 2 Yellow ||| Black |||| || White |||| |||| Silver |||| Green |||| (a) Complete the frequency column. [1] (b) On the grid opposite, draw a frequency diagram to show this information. [3] 6 (c) What is the most popular colour of car in the car park? Answer_________________ (d) [1] Using the frequency table, write down the fraction of the total cars which are yellow. Answer_________________ 7 [1] 5 (a) (i) Shade the major segment in the circle below [1] (ii) (b) PQ is called a _________________ of the circle. (i) Shade the minor sector in the circle below. 1] [1] (ii) OS is called a _______________ of the circle. 8 [1] 6 The table below shows the percentage of pupils at a High School who obtained a grade C or better in GCSE Mathematics during the past five years. Year % of pupils (a) 2004 75 2005 78 2006 82 2007 84 2008 90 Which year showed the smallest improvement? Answer______________ (b) [1] Your quality of written communication will be assessed in this question The school wants to show this information using a statistical diagram. Which type of diagram would you use? Answer__________________________ [1] Give a reason for your answer. _______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 7 [2] Here is a list of numbers 25 27 32 35 8 21 9 (a) From the list write down those numbers which are (i) multiples of 5 Answer____________ (ii) [1] Answer____________ [1] factors of 54 9 (b) From the list of numbers (i) calculate the mean Answer_____________ Answer_____________ (ii) 8 [2] [2] find the median In a mid season sale a clothing shop has 20% off all its items. Clare bought a dress which originally cost ? 50 and a hat which originally cost ? 25 (a) How much did she save in the sale? Answer ? _____________ Answer ? _____________ (b) 9 [2] [1] Answer_____________ [2] What was her total bill? Simplify 5p ? 2r ? 3p + 5r 10 10 (a) Jo bought 6 roses at 67p each. What change did she get from a ? 5 note? Answer ? _____________ (b) Five kilograms of potatoes and two kilograms of onions cost ? 4. 10 in total. The potatoes cost 62p per kilogram. How much would it cost in total to buy one kilogram of potatoes and one kilogram of onions? Answer ? _____________ 11 [2] [4] The brick shown below is in the form of a cuboid, measuring 6. 4 metres by 3. metres by 2. 6 metres. Calculate the volume of the brick. Answer_____________ 11 [3] 12 Calculate (a) the square root of 1. 44 Answer_____________ Answer_____________ (e) 13 [2] Answer_____________ (d) [1] Answer_____________ (c) [1] Answer_____________ (b) [1] [2] the cube of 2. 8 2. 32 ? 1. 69 3 of 125 5 5. 62 ? 3. 4 The table below gives the maximum and minimum temperatures of six different cit ies in Europe in March. City Belfast Minimum 2 ° C Dublin ?1 ° C 9 ° C London 4 ° C 16 ° C Edinburgh 0 ° C 11 ° C Barcelona 10 ° C 19 ° C 8 ° C 20 ° C Paris (a) Maximum 10 ° C Which minimum temperature was the lowest? Answer____________________ ° C 12 [1] (b) In two of these cities the temperatures had increased from minimum to maximum by 12 ° C. Write down the names of these two cities. Answer____________________ and ____________________ [2] What is the difference in minimum temperature between Dublin and Paris? (c) Answer_____________ ° C 14 [1] Answer_______________ [1] Answer_____________ % [1] Answer_____________ % [1] Results of a Year 12 Physics test 9 8 7 6 5 4 2 0 2 7 4 6 Key 5 4 (a) 5 1 5 8 6 7 6 8 9 7 9 8 9 9 means 54% How many pupils sat the Physics test? (b) What is the modal percentage mark? c) What is the range of percentage marks? 13 15 The diagram shows the plan for a rectangular garden. Calculate (a) the area of the garden Answer____________m2 [2] Answer____________m2 [2] (b) the area of the plot for the trees A border needs to be dug around the perimeter of the garden. (c) Calculate the perimeter of the garden. Answer____________m 14 [2] 16 The diagram shows a pizza which has been divided into 8 equal parts. The shaded parts are eaten. (a) Write down, as a fraction in its lowest terms, the fraction that is eaten. Answer_____________ Answer___________ % (b) 17 [2] [1] What percentage is left uneaten? Which fractions from the list given below are not equivalent to 2 ? 3 8 10 16 4 12 , , ,, 12 15 28 6 16 Answer_____________ 15 [2] 18 In a survey 300 men were asked which sport they liked best. The pie-chart below shows the results. (a) Measure the angle which represents Basketball. Answer_____________? (b) [1] What fraction of men chose Rugby as their favourite sport? Answer_____________ (c) [1] Answer_____________ [2] How many men chose Hurling as their favourite sport? 16 19 (a) Expand 3(x + 1) Answer______________ [2] Answer_____________ [2] (b) Solve 2y + 3 = 19 0 In the diagram the point P (? 4, 4) has been plotted. (a) Plot the following points on the diagram, labelling clearly Q (? 2, ? 3), R (5, ? 3) and S (3, 4) [3] (b) Join up the points in order and name the quadrilateral formed. Answer____________________ 17 [1] 21 (Diagram not drawn accurately) Calculate (a) x x = ___________? [1] y = ___________? [1] (b) y 22 Draw the net of the matchbo x tray (no lid) shown in the diagram, which has base 5cm by 3cm and height 2cm, on the square grid provided. [3] 18 23 Your quality of written communication will be assessed in this question Fred has just won ? 00. 1 1 of it to his son, James. He has promised of it to his daughter, Kathy and 5 4 How much will he have left after he gives Kathy and James their shares? Show clearly each step of your working out. Answer ? _____________ 19 [4] 24 The positions of two towns A and B are shown on the grid. (a) A third town C is 3km east and 2km north of A. Using a scale of 1cm = 0. 5km, show the position of C. (b) [2] How far is C from A? Answer_____________km 20 [3] 25 The following information shows how Sinead spends her time on a Saturday. Activity Cleaning Watching TV Number of hours 2 Using Shopping he Exercising Internet 5 4 3 2 Sleeping 8 Draw a pie chart to illustrate this data. [4] 21 ___________________________________________ THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER ________________ ___________________________ 22 Centre Number 71 Candidate Number General Certificate of Secondary Education 2011 Mathematics Unit T2 (With calculator) Foundation Tier [CODE] SPECIMEN EXAMINATION PAPER TIME 1 hour 30 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number in the spaces provided at the top of this page. Write your answers in the spaces provided in the question paper. Answer all twenty three questions. Any working should be clearly shown in the spaces provided since marks may be awarded for partially correct solutions. You may use a calculator for this paper. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The total mark for this paper is 100. Figures in brackets printed down the right-hand side of pages indicate the marks awarded to each question or part question. Functional Elements will be assessed in this paper. Quality of written communication will be assessed in questions 5 and 17. You should have a calculator, ruler, compasses and protractor. The formula sheet is overleaf. For Examiner’s use only Question Marks Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Total Marks 23 Foundation Tier Formulae Sheet Area of trapezium = 1 (a + b)h 2 Volume of prism = area of cross section ? length 24 Answer all questions 1 Five kilograms of potatoes and two kilograms of onions cost ? 4. 10 in total. The potatoes cost 62p per kilogram. How much would it cost in total to buy one kilogram of potatoes and one kilogram of onions? Answer ? _____________ 2 Answer_____________ (a) [4] [2] Answer_____________ [2] Simplify 5p ? 2r ? 3p + 5r (b) Expand ?2(2y ? 3) 25 3 Calculate a) the cube of 2. 8 Answer______________ Answer______________ (b) (c) [1] [1] Answer______________ [2] 2. 32 + 1. 69 5. 62 ? 3. 4 26 4 Results of a Year 12 Physics test 9 8 7 6 5 4 2 0 2 7 4 6 Key 5 4 (a) 5 1 5 8 6 7 6 8 9 7 9 8 9 9 means 54% How many pupils sat the Physics test? Answer_____________ (b) [1] What is the modal percentage mark? Answer___________% Answer___________ % (c) 5 [1] [1] What is the range of percentage marks? Quality of written communication will be assessed in this question Fred has just won ? 900 1 1 He has promised of it to his daughter Kathy, and of it to his son James. 4 How much will he have left after he gives Kathy and James their shares? Show clearly each step of your working out. Answer ? ______________ 27 [4] 6 The positions of two towns A and B are shown on the grid. (a) A third town C is on a bearing of 120? from B and at a distance of 2. 5 km from B. Using a scale of 1 cm = 0. 5km, show the position of C. [3] (b) How far is C from A? Answer _____________ km [2] 28 7 The following information shows how Sinead spends her time on a Saturday. Activity Cleaning Watching TV Shopping Number of hours 2 5 4 Using the Exercising Internet 3 2 Sleeping 8 Draw a pie chart to illustrate this data. [4] 8 Solve (a) x = 15 4 Answer x = _____________ (b) [1] Answer y = _____________ [2] 6y ? 2 = 13 29 9 Write down the next two numbers in the sequence 11, 10, 8, 5, ____, _____ Answer________, _________ 10 [2] In the diagram the volume of the cuboid is 48cm3. It holds exactly 48 sugar cubes each 1cm by 1cm by 1cm. The length of the cuboid is 4cm and the breadth is 3cm. (a) What is the height of the cuboid? Answer_____________ (b) Write down the dimensions of another cuboid that the 48 cubes could fit into exactly. Answer______cm by______cm by______cm 1 (a) [3] Find the value of [1] 3. 8 ? 6. 2 giving your answer correct to 1 decimal place. 9. 1 ? 2. 7 Answer_____________ 30 [2] (b) A plasma TV has a marked price of ? 790 In a sale its price is reduced by 15% What is the sale price of the TV? Answer ? _____________ (c) [3] Mary’s family drink 3 cartons of orange juice in 5 days. How many cartons would Mary need to buy to last a full we ek? Answer _____________cartons 12 [3] Write down an expression for the total cost of x bars of chocolate at 35p each and y bottles of water at 50p each. Answer_______________________ 31 [2] 13 Draw the graph of y = 4x–3 on the grid below. [3] 14 (Diagram not drawn accurately) The quadrilateral shown has angles x, 79? , 3x, and 97? Work out the value of x Answer x = _________________o 32 [4] 15 (a) (Diagram not drawn accurately) In the triangle ABC shown above BC = 8. 5 cm and AX = 6. 4 cm. Calculate the area of the triangle ABC. Answer___________________cm2 [2] (b) (Diagram not drawn accurately) ABCDE is a regular pentagon, with O as its centre. Calculate the size of angle AOB. Answer Angle AOB = _____________? 33 [2] 16 Find the area of a circle with a diameter of 3 metres. Take ? = 3. 14 Answer___________________m2 17 (a) [2] The speeds, in miles per hour, of the cars passing the gates of a primary school during lunch hour are recorded in the table below. Speed (mph) No. of cars 0–5 2 6–10 5 11–15 34 16–20 61 21–25 29 26–30 4 Represent this information using a bar chart. [3] 34 (b) Which is the modal class interval? Answer________________ (c) [1] Your quality of written communication will be assessed in this question Katy wants to know how many times a month, on average, the people in her town go to the cinema. She asks 200 people in her school. Explain why Katy’s sample may not be representative of the people in her town. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 35 [2] 18 (a) Write 72 as a product of prime factors Answer______________ (b) [2] Find the lowest common multiple (LCM) of 72 and 108 Answer______________ Answer______________ (c) 19 [2] [2] Find the highest common factor (HCF) of 72 and 108 Susan puts ? 1700 in her bank account at 4. 2% simple interest each year. Calculate the total amount in her bank account after 3 years. Answer ? ________________ 36 [3] 0 (a) Expand and simplify 4(2 – 3x) + 3(x + 4) Answer________________ Answer________________ [2] Answer x =________________ (b) [2] [3] Answer________________ [2] Expand x ( x 2 – 6) (c) Solve for x 7x + 18 = 2(x – 6) 21 (a) ? A regular polygon has an exterior angle of 18 Find the number of sides in the polygon. 37 (b) The diagram shows a play tent i n the shape of a triangular prism. Calculate the volume of the tent. Answer_____________________cm3 38 [6] 22 A teacher recorded the number of hours 50 students used the internet over a 7 day period. The information is shown in the table below. Number of Hours 0? h How to cite Maths, Essay examples

Tsunamis through History free essay sample

Tsunami waves also caused damage in the Marquesas, in Samoa, and in New Zealand. 1896 Tsunami Affecting Japan On June 15 1896, an earthquake occurred of the coast near the Japanese port city of Sanriku. The earthquake, which measured 7. 2 on the Richter scale, triggered the formation a massive tsunami that devastated the city killing over 26,000 people. The tsunami waves reached an intimidating height of 25 meters (80 feet) as it crashed upon a crowd that had gathered in a city to celebrate a religious festival. The tsunami was also observed across the Pacific: In Hawaii, wharves were demolished and several houses were swept away. In California, a 9. feet wave was observed, according to the San Francisco Chronicle of June 16, 1896. This Sanriku tsunami served as an impetus for tsunami research in Japan. What is unusual about this disaster is that the size of the tsunami was much larger than would be expected from the size of the earthquake, 7. We will write a custom essay sample on Tsunamis through History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2 on the Richter scale. At the time of the Sanriku tsunami earthquake, a weak shock was felt, followed by an extremely slow shaking that lasted about 5 minutes. Approximately 35 minutes after the earthquake, the large tsunami arrived at the Sanriku coast. 1883 Tsunami Affecting Indonesia The volcanic explosion of Krakatoa is one of the most impressive natural disasters ever recorded in history. On August 26th 1883, the island volcano of Krakatoa exploded with devastating fury, blowing its underground magma chamber partly empty so that much overlying land and seabed collapsed into it. The great majority of the island simply was destroyed as it sank to the ocean floor. The volcanic disturbance triggered a series of large tsunami waves, some reaching a height of over 40 meters above sea level. Although no one is known to have been killed as a result of the initial explosion, the tsunamis it generated had disastrous results, killing over 36,000 people, and wiping out a number of settlements, including Telok Batong in Sumatra, and Sirik and Semarang in Java. Tsunami waves were observed throughout the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the American West Coast, South America, and even as far away as the English Channel. On the facing coasts of Java and Sumatra the sea flood went many miles inland and caused such vast loss of life that one area was never resettled but went back to the jungle and is now the Ujung Kulon nature reserve. Ships as far away as South Africa rocked as tsunamis hit them, and the bodies of victims were found floating in the ocean for weeks after the event. There are even numerous documented reports of groups of human skeletons floating across the Indian Ocean on rafts of volcanic pumice and washing up on the east coast of Africa up to a year after the eruption. 1755 Tsunami Affecting Portugal and Much of Europe On November 1st 1755, one of the biggest earthquakes in history occurred in he Atlantic Ocean just of the coast of the Portuguese capital city of Lisbon. The total duration of shaking lasted ten minutes and was comprised of three distinct jolts. Scientists estimate that the earthquake was in the range of 9. 0 on the Richter scale, which caused extensive damage throughou t Lisbon. Surprisingly, the events that unfolded from this disaster has been well-documented. After the earthquake, survivors rushed to the open space of the docks for safety and watched as the water receded, revealing the sea floor, littered by lost cargo and old shipwrecks. About 35 minutes after the initial earthquake, an enormous tsunami engulfed the Portuguese harbor and the city’s downtown. Two other tsunamis followed to add to more devastation to the already suffering area. Effects from the earthquake and tsunamis were far reaching. The worst damage occurred in the south-west of Portugal, which included Lisbon. The tsunami reached, with less intensity, the coast of Spain, France, Great Britain, Ireland, Belgium and Holland. In Madeira and in the Azores islands damage was extensive and many ships were in danger of being wrecked. In total, over 100,000 people were killed, with most fatalities incurred in Lisbon, where over a third of the population were instantaneously wiped out. This tragic disaster served as the impetus for earthquake research in the world.