Non-current assets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Non-current assets - Essay Example The effective date on the basis of IASB was the fiscal periods on or after the financial year ending on 2004. Differences in accounting treatment The accounting standard of IAS 16 refers to the tangible noncurrent assets as property, plant and equipment and identifies that they hold a physical substance which can be used for delivery of goods or services or for purposes of administration. The physical substances are expected to be in use for more than a single accounting period. There are some problems accrued to the definition (Friedrich and Friedrich, 2009). Freehold as well as leasehold land, plants and machinery and buildings are included in the PPE. The aim of the accounting standard is to lay down the treatment for accounting relating to recognition of assets, the willpower of the carrying amounts and the charges of depreciation as well as the loses that relates to them. The accounting standard should be followed in the accounting process for PPE as using another PPE requires t he use of different treatment. A business should have the capability to recognize the associated risks and rewards correlated with the asset (Kelly, n.d. p. 1-3). The business controls the asset. The rewards are the custodies. The cost of risk and repairs are treated as costs. Any loss emerging from the assets are treated as costs as well. Under the accounting standard it is expected that the future anticipated economic benefit will find the way to the owner and the associated costs can be measured reliably. IAS 16 accounts for two models namely the cost model and the revaluation model for measuring PPE. In the first model, an item under PPE is carried at the cost which is less than the accumulated depreciation as well as less than any accumulated impairment losses. In the second model, the item in PPE is carried at fair value less than accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. The standard is in line with the definition of the asset set in IASB. It is possible to have a relia ble cost of PPE by the transaction cost of the market in cases where the asset has been acquired. The incidental acquisition cost includes the attributed cost of carrying the asset to the site (The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan, n.d.). The import duties, the cost of preparation of the sites and the fess of professionals are included in the incidental cost of acquisition. The inclusion ceases once the asset is made ready to use. The asset may not be brought into use but it should to ready to use. The costs that are excluded from the standard are cost of generating a new facility, overhead costs of the administration and the cost associated with introducing the new produced product. An obligation often arises to dismantle the product after the life cycle and the obligation is recorded s the liability at the time the asset is recognized. In the cases where the assets are self constructed the costs of the materials that were acquired, the costs related to labour and the other associated costs must be recognized. IAS 38 provides the definition of asset recognition and specifies the ways the carrying amounts should be measured in the following periods as well as guides on the disclosures. The accounting standard can be applied to all intangible assets except the assets that are within the scope of another standard. It is inapplicable to the intangible assets held by someone

Paper Converters ltd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Paper Converters ltd - Essay Example ..8 4. Impact of culture on organization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 5. Multi-Cultural deference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...10 5.1 Individualism (IDV)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 5.2 Power distance (PDI)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 5.3 Masculinity / Femininity (MAS)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 5.4 Uncertainty avoidance (UAI)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.12 6. Management deference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......12 6.1 Achievement vs. Ascription†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 6.2 Individualism vs. Communitarianism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 6.3 Internal vs. External†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 6.4 Neutral vs. Emotional†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..14 6.5 Specific vs. Diffuse†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 6.6 Time Orientation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 6.7 Universalism vs. Particularism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦15 7. ... Although, the two founder executives of the corporations are childhood acquaintances ethnicity, they have dissimilar vision and views.The culture of both corporations are strongly swayed by their founding executives. Employees of both companies greatly believe in their originators’ vision that slowly developed into their own enterprise culture that resulted into an organizational ethnicity clash amid Dyson Paper and Jones Sales Agent Limited, when they relocated to Paper Converter Limited. The aim of this report is to evaluate the case of Paper Converter in respect to organization and international (UK). The report will give a breakdown of the Paper Converter cultural drawback via ‘Cultural Web’ investigative tool for organizational cultures, also;Hofstede four dimensions, Pestel and Fons Trompenaar cultural structure forglobal cultures (UK) to reveal where Paper Converter is falling short in addition toways of overcoming this organisational problem. 1. Background of the Company Paper Converter Ltd was established in 1988 after an merger amid the Dyson Paper and Jones Sales Agent Ltd. Dyson Paper was established in 1983, in Corby, United Kingdom with the inducement from the government of Britain during the depression phase early on in 1980s. Mainly, Dyson Paper takes care of the management and production, whereas Jones Sales Agent Limited assumed the responsibility of marketing and sales, from two unconnected premises positioned 60miles apart. 1.1 Market Situation Paper Converter’s central market was United Kingdom, Middle East and West Africa. To enhance production capacity as well as reduce production cost, the firm went worldwide through setting up a factory in Zambia